Allergies in a child is pathology that occurs when a child’s body comes into contact with an unfavorable factor (allergen). The disease itself is not inherited, but only the genetic predisposition to its development. Due to IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to a foreign substance, its repeated introduction into the baby’s body leads to an allergic reaction. A large number of inflammatory mediators – histamine, serotonin, cytokines – are released into the blood. They are the cause of a variety of symptoms from which children suffer. Signs of allergy in a child can occur immediately, which often happens after an insect bite, or several months later, when the body encounters the allergen again.
Allergic symptoms
The severity and nature of the signs of the disease are influenced by its type and localization. A typical skin manifestation of allergies in a child is a rash. It is complicated by other symptoms:
- redness of the skin in the area of rashes;
- swelling of the skin;
- crusting, flaking;
- itching, unbearable desire to scratch the skin.
Allergic rashes are red spots and papules that rise above the surface of the skin. They are mainly located on the cheeks, neck, elbows and forearms. In any recurrent episode, rashes are localized on the same areas of the body. Children with rhinitis and pollinosis have these typical allergic manifestations:
- nasal congestion, impaired air circulation;
- formation of dry crusts in the nose, discharge of watery nasal secretion;
- sneezing;
- discomfort in the nose in the form of dryness, itching, burning;
- lacrimation;
- impaired sense of smell.
Among the respiratory manifestations allergies in a child may also be present in the throat, due to which the baby constantly coughs. Contact of the allergen with the mucous membranes of the eyes leads to their inflammatory damage, and soon to the appearance of symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.
- local swelling, swelling of the eyelids;
- itching and redness of the eyes;
- lacrimation;
- photophobia.
In children who suffer from allergic conjunctivitis, turbid thick mucus accumulates in the corners of the eyes. With a severe course of ophthalmologic pathology, it contains impurities of pus. Traditional manifestations of food allergy:
- abdominal pain;
- colic;
- increased gas;
- frequent regurgitation in infants;
- poor appetite;
- nausea and vomiting;
- stool instability.
When food allergens enter the body, not only gastrointestinal clinical symptoms occur. Dermatologic (rash, itching) and respiratory (nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing) signs are noted at the same time. Allergic attacks of dyspnea and even suffocation can occur in preschool and primary school age children.
Causes and triggering factors of allergies in a child
If there is hypersensitivity in one of the parents, there is a high probability that the child at one stage of adulthood will encounter allergies in a child. But predisposition alone is not enough. There are a number of factors that provoke the development of allergies in a child:
- a tendency to frequent infections;
- living in an environmentally disadvantaged region;
- parents creating “sterile conditions,” which hinders the formation of strong immunity.
To allergies in a child in the form of rashes, unstable stools, colic predisposes to the early introduction of complementary foods in the form of vegetable, meat, fruit purees in the diet of the baby.
Diagnostic measures
The basis for making a diagnosis is the nature of clinical manifestations, data of anamnesis and physical examination. To confirm it, a number of studies are carried out. The most informative results are:
- general and biochemical blood tests;
- IgE blood tests;
- skin allergy tests;
- elimination tests.
Treatment methods of allergies in a child
The nature of the symptoms and the treatment of allergies in a child are closely interrelated. To eliminate some needed ointments, others disappear after the use of drops. But in any case, the first priority is the elimination of the cause of allergic pathology. It is necessary to exclude all contacts with the irritating factor. Depending on the type of allergy in a child, the doctor may recommend adjusting the diet of children’s food, carefully choosing household chemicals and even picking a new owner for a pet. Its type also affects the drugs used. How and what to treat allergies in a child:
- Irritation, itching and burning are relieved by treating the skin with antipruritic and anti-inflammatory ointments;
- Histamine release into the blood is controlled by antihistamines;
- For the treatment of severe allergies, medicines with hormones are used;
- In case of eye inflammation it is practiced to inject the drug in the form of a solution with antihistamine components into the conjunctival cavity, in case of allergic rhinitis – into the nasal passages.
Dietary nutrition and preventive measures for allergies in a child
Effective preventive measures against allergic skin lesions in a child are:
- Breastfeeding for as long as possible;
- During the breastfeeding period, careful choice of products to prevent allergies in a child;
- Competent selection of artificial formula for infants, if it is decided to stop lactation;
- Introduction of food products of animal origin into the diet not earlier than 5 months of age;
- Regular wet cleaning of the room;
- Limiting contact with animals, including domestic animals.
Allergy prevention in a child is also about using hypoallergenic bathing or skin care products for your baby. They do not contain dyes, fragrances, and other aggressive chemicals.
To prevent allergies in a child, you should stick to your baby’s feeding diet for as long as possible. This will minimize the likelihood of another relapse. What to do with allergies in a child – it is necessary to give up such products and dishes:
- poultry (chicken, duck, turkey);
- mustard, vinegar, spices;
- tomatoes, eggplant;
- radishes, radishes, horseradish;
- mushrooms;
- whole cow’s milk;
- sweets with cocoa beans, honey;
- coffee drinks, cocoa;
- confectionery.
Conclusion
Allergy in children is a common problem that can significantly affect the quality of life of the child and his family. However, timely diagnosis, elimination of contact with allergens and competent treatment can minimize the manifestations of the disease and prevent severe complications.
It is important to remember that strengthening immunity, balanced nutrition, hygiene and the right choice of household products can significantly reduce the risk of allergy. Parents should carefully monitor the child’s reaction to new products, the environment and timely consult a doctor in case of suspicious symptoms.
Modern methods of treatment, including antihistamines, topical agents and allergen-specific immunotherapy, help to effectively control the disease. A comprehensive approach, including drug treatment, preventive measures and lifestyle adjustments, can significantly improve a child’s well-being and prevent further complications.
